Turbulence Articles from SENIORFITNESS.COM Free Article Directory

Search our Site: Search Google: This search box will exclusively search relevant sites that we respect.

( Turbulence) In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. Flow that is not turbulent is called laminar flow. The (dimensionless) Reynolds number characterizes whether flow conditions lead to laminar or turbulent flow; e.g. for pipe flow, a Reynolds number above about 4000 (A Reynolds number between 2100 and 4000 is known as transitional flow) will be turbulent. At very low speeds the flow is laminar, i.e., the flow is smooth (though it may involve vortices on a large scale). As the speed increases, at some point the transition is made to turbulent flow. In turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear on many scales and interact with each other. Drag due to boundary layer skin friction increases. The structure and location of boundary layer separation often changes, sometimes resulting in a reduction of overall drag. Because laminar-turbulent transition is governed by Reynolds number, the same transition occurs if the size of the object is gradually increased, or the viscosity of the fluid is decreased, or if the density of the fluid is increased.

Turbulence causes the formation of eddies of many different length scales. Most of the kinetic energy of the turbulent motion is contained in the large scale structures. The energy "cascades" from these large scale structures to smaller scale structures by an inertial and essentially inviscid mechanism. This process continues, creating smaller and smaller structures which produces a hierarchy of eddies. Eventually this process creates structures that are small enough that molecular diffusion becomes important and viscous dissipation of energy finally takes place. The scale at which this happens is the Kolmogorov length scale.

In two dimensional turbulence (as can be approximated in the atmosphere or ocean), energy actually flows to larger scales. This is referred to as the inverse energy cascade and is characterized by a k ^{- (5 / 3)} in the power spectrum. This is the main reason why large scale weather features such as hurricanes occur.

Turbulent diffusion is usually described by a turbulent diffusion coefficient. This turbulent diffusion coefficient is defined in a phenomenological sense, by analogy with the molecular diffusivities, but it does not have a true physical meaning, being dependent on the flow conditions, and not a property of the fluid, itself. In addition, the turbulent diffusivity concept assumes a constitutive relation between a turbulent flux and the gradient of a mean variable similar to the relation between flux and gradient that exists for molecular transport. In the best case, this assumption is only an approximation. Nevertheless, the turbulent diffusivity is the simplest approach for quantitative analysis of turbulent flows, and many models have been postulated to calculate it. For instance, in large bodies of water like oceans this coefficient can be found using Richardson's four-third power law and is governed by the random walk principle. In rivers and large ocean currents, the diffusion coefficient is given by variations of Elder's formula.

Turbulence Subcategories Turbulence Articles 3 Simple Weight Loss Tips For Those Who're Desperate To Lose Weight Quickly by Kevin Beucke I know...I know. You have come to a page similar to this before claiming to pass on you a few weight loss tips and tricks that will work like miracles and help particularly those who are in great need to lose weight...only to be unsuccessfu... 10 Fat Burning Foods That Should Be On Your Dining Table 3 Times A Day! by Kevin Beucke Is there a way foods and dishes can make you leaner and sexier? You bet they can! As a matter of fact the more you eat these foods the greater amount of weight you will drop off! Let alone the majority of them are healthy and merit to be in... Turbulence Training by Kevin Beucke Even if you are a demanding person (and let's face it, who isn't nowadays?), there are levelheaded habits and exercises you can perform to improve your physique and lead a better-off life. In fact, twenty minutes, three times a week is all you need t... Turbulence Training Tips on How to Loose Weight Safely by Jason Oh Turbulence Training workouts are designed to be short and very effective. But what you have to realize is - Good nutrition plays a major key in your fat loss plans. And when you combine a healthy diet with Turbulence Training, it is the mo... Bodyweight 500 Fat Burning Exercises by Craig Ballantyne cb@cbathletics.com. Best regards Craig Ballantyne http://www.TurbulenceTraining.com Bodyweight 500 Fat Burning Exercises Bodyweight 500 workout has 12 exercises. You'll do each from 25 to 50 reps before moving to the next exerci... Lose All the Weight You Want by Craig Ballantyne cb@cbathletics.com. Best regards Craig Ballantyne http://www.TurbulenceTraining.com Lose All the Weight You Want If you are struggling with weight loss, then use these motivational secrets form fitness expert Dax Moy to help ... Bodyweight 100 Workout by Craig Ballantyne cb@cbathletics.com. Best regards Craig Ballantyne http://www.TurbulenceTraining.com Bodyweight 100 Workout The Bodyweight 100 challenge was featured in Men's Health magazine in January 2008. This workout is the initial stage ... Ab Exercises Are A Joke by Craig Ballantyne cb@cbathletics.com. Best regards Craig Ballantyne http://www.TurbulenceTraining.com Ab Exercises Are A Joke You want to lose your gut? Stop doing crunches and start doing harder, but shorter cardio sessions. There's no such ... 300 Movie Workout vs The Bodyweight 500 Workout by Craig Ballantyne cb@cbathletics.com. Best regards Craig Ballantyne http://www.TurbulenceTraining.com 300 Movie Workout vs The Bodyweight 500 Workout The sculpted bodies in the movie "300" were chiseled by the legendary 300 workout found in Men's... Turbulence Training Review by Craig Ballantyne Turbulence Training promises fast fat loss results for men and women who don't have a lot of time for exercise. This is a bold promise, and the workouts promise maximum results in only three workouts per week. Let's take a look at this claim,...