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( Russification)
Russification is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily or not) by non-Russian communities. In a narrow sense, Russification is used to denote the influence of the Russian language on Slavic, Baltic and other languages, spoken in areas currently or formerly controlled by Russia, which led to emerging of russianisms, trasianka and surzhyk. In a historical sense, the term refers to both official and unofficial policies of Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union with respect to their national constituents and to national minorities in Russia, aimed at Russian domination. The major areas of Russification are politics and culture. In politics, an element of Russification is assigning Russian nationals to leading administrative positions in national institutions. In culture, Russification primarily amounts to domination of the Russian language in official business and strong influence of Russian language on the national ones. The shifts in demographics in favour of Russian population are sometimes considered as a form of Russification as well. Some scholars distinguish Russianization, the spread of Russian language, culture, and people into non-Russian cultures and regions, from Russification, a process of changing one's ethnic self-label or identity from a non-Russian ethnonym to Russian.[1] In this sense, the spread of Russian language, culture, and people (Russianization) should not be equated with the cultural assimilation of non-Russians (Russification). Although most people conflate these two processes, one does not necessarily lead to the other. The earliest example of Russification took place in the 16th century in the conquered Khanate of Kazan and other Tatar areas. The main elements of this process were Christianization and implementation of the Russian language as the sole administrative language.
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