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The study of psychology in philosophical context dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, and India. Psychology began adopting a more clinical^[1] and experimental^[2] approach under medieval Muslim psychologists and physicians, who built psychiatric hospitals for such purposes.^[3]

Though the use of psychological experimentation dates back to Alhazen's Book of Optics in 1021,^[2][4] psychology as an independent experimental field of study began in 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research at Leipzig University in Germany, for which Wundt is known as the "father of psychology".^[5] 1879 is thus sometimes regarded as the "birthdate" of psychology. The American philosopher William James published his seminal book, Principles of Psychology,^[6] in 1890, while laying the foundations for many of the questions that psychologists would focus on for years to come. Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909), a pioneer in the experimental study of memory at the University of Berlin; and the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), who investigated the learning process now referred to as classical conditioning.

During the 1890s, the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud developed a method of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis. Freud's understanding of the mind was largely based on interpretive methods, introspection and clinical observations, and was focused in particular on resolving unconscious conflict, mental distress and psychopathology. Freud's theories became very well-known, largely because they tackled subjects such as sexuality, repression, and the unconscious mind as general aspects of psychological development. These were largely considered taboo subjects at the time, and Freud provided a catalyst for them to be openly discussed in polite society. Freud also had a significant influence on Carl Jung, whose analytical psychology became an alternative form of depth psychology. Philosopher Karl Popper argued that Freud's psychoanalytic theories were presented in untestable form.^[7] Due to their subjective nature, Freud's theories are often of limited interest to many scientifically-oriented psychology departments. Followers of Freud who accept the basic ideas of psychoanalysis but alter it in some way are called neo-Freudians. Modification of Jung's theories has led to the archetypal and process-oriented schools of psychological thought.

Psychology Subcategories Psychology Articles Mass mind fear or Create your Own Reality? by Christopher Pinckley Reality Creation 101 ">Hello friends, just sending out a friendly reminder here... What do you want? Are you able to remember, during these trying times, that where your attention goes your energy flows? Tis a fact, to be sure. Fo... Hypnosis or Psychology as a Career and Hypnosis Doesn't Heal Anything by Cal Banyan Hello Everybody, Cal Banyan here with another episode of Cal Banyan’s Hypnosis, Etc., with Celeste Hackett, an informative, interesting and at times fun show about Hypnosis, where we’ll talk about all kinds of stuff hypnosis related. Uh, by ... Tennis's Psychology and Fitness by Jennifer Seaton Is physically being adapted one of the conditions most important to play tennis. The force, the intensity and the sensitivity to tennis are only possible if all systems physical, mental, and highly-strung persons of an individual player are in the ai... Affirmations - Useful or waste of time? by Dimitri Papalexiou Affirmations, do they serve a useful purpose, or are they just a hocus pocus, new age waste of time? Just about everybody uses or has used affirmations one time or another. From the simple "I can get through this" or "Things will get... PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH NEWS PERTAINING TO WEIGHT LOSS by christy horsfield ANOTHER STUPID FAD DIET Fad diets are now so numerous that when the latest is introduced, the media must whack the scepticism up to maximum to have any hope of people reading past the first sentence. And yet, they will write a safe few paragr... The Psychology Of Physical Fitness by Jennifer Seaton Physical fitness is one of the great essentials of match play. Keenness can only be acquired if the physical, mental, and nervous systems are in tune. Consistent and systematic training is essential to a tournament player. Regular hours of sleep, an... Having Trouble with Weight Loss? 3 Psychological Themes That May Be Keeping You Fat by Gary Avignon “I know what to do, I just don’t do it.” You may be among the thousands, maybe even millions of individuals, who utter these words constantly. You diet. You lose weight. And yet, here you sit, perhaps heavier than you’ve ever been. You’re fr... Dieting, Weight Loss & PSYCHOLOGY: Melissa's BREAKTHROUGH by Gary Avignon One March afternoon in the spring of 2004, a client by the name of Melissa moped into my office for her weekly appointment. Melissa initially sought weight loss counseling because she weighed just over three hundred pounds. “How’d it go this week?”... Fast Weight Loss a Pipe Dream unless You Use Your Head by Antonio LeMaire Using Psychology to Promote Fast Weight Loss If you've ever gone on a diet, you know that willpower - in other words, the power of the mind - is 99% of the battle. Being able to control your attitude, ideas and emotions in order to guide your behav... Obsession With Food — and Other Reasons Why Diets Don't Work by e. Raymond Rock Counting calories, ordering special diet meals, measuring out portions - these are indications that we remain mesmerized and captivated by food - food has taken over our entire lives with no escape; food is an addiction no different from her...