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( Physiology) Physiology (from Greek f?s??, physis, "nature, origin"; and -????a, -logia) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Physiology has traditionally been divided between plant physiology and animal physiology but the principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular organism is being studied. For example, what is learned about the physiology of yeast cells may also apply to human cells.

The field of animal physiology extends the tools and methods of human physiology to non-human animal species. Plant physiology also borrows techniques from both fields. Its scope of subjects is at least as diverse as the tree of life itself. Due to this diversity of subjects, research in animal physiology tends to concentrate on understanding how physiological traits changed throughout the evolutionary history of animals. Other major branches of scientific study that have grown out of physiology research include biochemistry, biophysics, paleobiology, biomechanics, and pharmacology.

Physiology can trace its roots back more than two millennia to classical antiquity), to the Greek and Indian medical traditions. Human physiology dates back to at least 420 B.C. and the time of Hippocrates,^[1] the father of medicine. The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece, while Claudius Galenus (c. 126-199), known as Galen, was the first to use experiments to probe the function of the body. Galen was the founder of experimental physiology.^[2] The medical world moved on from Galenism only with the appearance of Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey.^[3] The ancient Indian books of Ayurveda, the Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita, also had descriptions on human anatomy and physiology.

During the Middle Ages, the ancient Greek and Indian medical traditions were further developed by Muslim physicians, most notably Avicenna (980-1037), who introduced experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology in The Canon of Medicine. Many of the ancient physiological doctrines were eventually discredited by Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), who was the first physician to correctly describe the anatomy of the heart, the coronary circulation, the structure of the lungs, and the pulmonary circulation, for which he is considered the father of circulatory physiology.^[4] He was also the first to describe the relationship between the lungs and the aeration of the blood, the cause of pulsation,^[5] and an early concept of capillary circulation.^[6]

Physiology Subcategories Physiology Articles Exploring hepatic hormone actions using a compilation of gene expression profiles Background: Microarray analysis is attractive within the field of endocrine research because regulation of gene expression is a key mechanism whereby hormones exert their actions. Knowledge discovery and testing of hypothesis based on information-ric... Activation of the kinin system in the ovary during ovulation: Role of endogenous progesterone Activation of the kinin system in the ovary during ovulation: Role of endogenous progesterone Darrell W Brann1 , Lowell M Greenbaum2 , Virendra B Mahesh3 and XiaoXing Gao4 1 The tripeptide feG ameliorates systemic inflammatory responses to rat intestinal anaphylaxis The tripeptide feG ameliorates systemic inflammatory responses to rat intestinal anaphylaxis Fusun Turesin , Aida Sadr , Joseph S Davison and Ronald Mathison Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Univer... Some processes of energy saving and expenditure occurring during ethanol perfusion in the isolated liver of fed rats; a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance stu Some processes of energy saving and expenditure occurring during ethanol perfusion in the isolated liver of fed rats; a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance study. Marie-Christine Beauvieux1, 2 , Patrice Couzigou3 ,... Endurance training of respiratory muscles improves cycling performance in fit young cyclists Endurance training of respiratory muscles improves cycling performance in fit young cyclists Paige Holm , Angela Sattler and Ralph F Fregosi Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, U.S.A BMC Physiol...