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( Philology)
Philology, derived from the Greek f???????a (philologia[1], from the terms f???? philos meaning "loved, beloved, dear, friend" and ????? logos "word, articulation, reason") is a branch of the human sciences dealing with language and literature, specifically a literary canon, combining aspects of grammar, rhetoric, historical linguistics (etymology and language change), interpretation of authors, textual criticism and the critical traditions associated with a given language. Philology considers both form and meaning in linguistic expression, combining linguistics and literary studies. Any classical language can be studied philologically, and indeed describing a language as "classical" is to imply the existence of a philological tradition associated with it. Because of its focus on historical development (diachronic analysis), philology came to be used as a term contrasting with linguistics. This is due to a 20th century development triggered by Ferdinand de Saussure's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis, and the later emergence of post-structuralism and Chomskian linguistics with its heavy emphasis on spoken language (performance) and syntax.
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