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( Nobel Laureate)
The Nobel Prizes (Swedish Nobelpriset, Norwegian Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.[2] Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5] As of 2008, 789 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded a Nobel Prize. Four Nobel Laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three German Nobel Laureates, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Two Nobel Laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ð?c Th? (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award because he declined all official honors, and Lê declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time. Six Nobel Laureates have received more than one Nobel Prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other Nobel Laureate.[6] Among the 809 Nobel Laureates, 35 Nobel Laureates have been women; the first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.[7] In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.[8] No Nobel Prize was awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to World War II.[9] name="External_links" id="External_links">
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