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( Neuroscience) Neuroscience is a field devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. The Society for Neuroscience was founded in 1969,^[1] but study of the brain started a long time ago. Such studies span the structure, function, evolutionary history, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, informatics, computational neuroscience and pathology of the nervous system. Traditionally it is seen as a branch of biological sciences. However, recently there has been a surge in the convergence of interest from many allied disciplines, including cognitive and neuro-psychology, computer science, statistics, physics, philosophy, and medicine.

The scope of neuroscience has now broadened to include any systematic scientific experimental and theoretical investigation of the central and peripheral nervous system of biological organisms. The empirical methodologies employed by neuroscientists have been enormously expanded, from biochemical and genetic analysis of dynamics of individual nerve cells and their molecular constituents to imaging representations of perceptual and motor tasks in the brain. Many recent theoretical advances in neuroscience have been aided by the use of computational modeling.

The scientific study of the nervous systems underwent a significant increase in the second half of the twentieth century, principally due to revolutions in molecular biology, electrophysiology and computational neuroscience. It has become possible to understand, in much detail, the complex processes occurring within a single neuron. However, how networks of neurons produce intellectual behavior, cognition, emotion and physiological responses is still poorly understood.

The nervous system is composed of a network of neurons and other supportive cells (such as glial cells). Neurons form functional circuits, each responsible for specific tasks to the behaviors at the organism level. Thus, neuroscience can be studied at many different levels, ranging from molecular level to cellular level to systems level to cognitive level.

Neuroscience Subcategories Neuroscience Articles New Electrical Methods to Improve Brain Disorders by Michael Webb Neurotechnology refers to the field of brain technology currently being used to measure and alter brain processes. Science now has several new tools to manipulate brain functioning that may find increasing use in the future for various brain disorde... Faces of DARPP-32: Master Signaling Mediator in the Brain? by Stephen Jones As a major target for dopamine-activated adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A in the striatum, DARPP-32 plays a central role in regulating the efficacy of dopaminergic neurotransmission and can act either as a phosphatase or kinase inhibitor in a co... Gonadal Steroids Differentially Modulate Neurotoxicity of HIV and Cocaine: Testosterone and ICI 182,780 Sensitive Mechanism Background: HIV Associated Dementia (HAD) is a common complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that erodes the quality of life for patients and burdens health care providers. Intravenous drug use is a major route of HIV transmiss... Response of regional brain glutamate transaminases of rat to aluminum in protein malnutrition Response of regional brain glutamate transaminases of rat to aluminum in protein malnutrition Prasunpriya Nayak1 and Ajay K Chatterjee2 1Department of Physiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Me... A role of melanin-concentrating hormone producing neurons in the central regulation of paradoxical sleep A role of melanin-concentrating hormone producing neurons in the central regulation of paradoxical sleep Laure Verret* , Romain Goutagny* , Patrice Fort , Laurène Cagnon , Denise Salvert , Lucienne Léger ... The extracellular matrix, p53 and estrogen compete to regulate cell-surface Fas/Apo-1 suicide receptor expression in proliferating embryonic cerebral The extracellular matrix, p53 and estrogen compete to regulate cell-surface Fas/Apo-1 suicide receptor expression in proliferating embryonic cerebral cortical precursors, and reciprocally, Fas-ligand modifies estrogen control of cell-cycle proteins Aging is associated with increased collagen type IV accumulation in the basal lamina of human cerebral microvessels Aging is associated with increased collagen type IV accumulation in the basal lamina of human cerebral microvessels Olga Uspenskaia* 1 , Martin Liebetrau* 1 , Jochen Herms2 , Adrian D... Leptin and insulin stimulation of signalling pathways in arcuate nucleus neurones: PI3K dependent actin reorganization and KATP channel act Leptin and insulin stimulation of signalling pathways in arcuate nucleus neurones: PI3K dependent actin reorganization and KATP channel activation Shirin Mirshamsi1 , Hilary A Laidlaw1 , Ke Ning1 , Erin An...