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( Militsiya)
Militia was used as a short official name of the civilian police in several former communist states, despite its original military connotation (see Militia). The term was used in the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc and the Warsaw Pact countries (for example Milicja Obywatelska in the PR Poland), but also in the Non-Aligned Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It was inherited by some former Soviet states, such as Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Considering etymology of the term and the distinctive local features, the militsiya should be considered a distinct kind of regional policing system, not just a translation of the English "police". Militsiya forces in all post-Soviet countries share similar traditions, tactics and methods, although the differences are increasing over time. The name originates from early Soviet history, when the Bolsheviks intended to associate their new law enforcement authority with the self-organization of the people and to distinguish it from the "bourgeois class protecting" police. Originally militsiya was created in 1917 under the official name the Workers' and Peasants' Militsiya. Eventually, it was replaced by Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russian ???, MVD; Ukrainian ???, MVS; Belorussian ???, MUS), which is now the official full name for the militsiya forces in the respective countries. Its regional branches are officially called Departments of Internal Affairs—city department of internal affairs, raion department of internal affairs, oblast department of internal affairs, etc. The Russian term for a raion department is "???" ("?????/????????? ?????????? ???"), for region department is "???" ("?????????? ?????????? ???") or, sometimes, "????" ("??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???"), same for national republics is "???" ("???????????? ?????????? ???").
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