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The use of melatonin as a drug can entrain (synchronize) the circadian clock to environmental cycles and can have beneficial effects for treatment of certain insomnias. Its therapeutic potential may be limited by its short biological half-life, poor bioavailability, and the fact that it has numerous non-specific actions.^[7] In recent studies though, prolonged release melatonin has shown good results in treating insomnia.^[8]

Products containing melatonin have been available as a dietary supplement in the United States since 1993,^[9] and met with good consumer acceptance and enthusiasm.^[10] However, over-the-counter sales remain illegal in many other countries including some members of the European Union and New Zealand,^[11] and the U.S. Postal Service lists melatonin among items prohibited by Germany.^[12]

In higher animals and humans, melatonin is produced by pinealocytes in the pineal gland (located in the brain) and also by the retina, lens and GI tract. It is naturally synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan (via synthesis of serotonin) by the enzyme 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase.

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