|
( Medical)
Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies health science, biomedical research, and medical technology to diagnose and treat injury and disease, typically through medication, surgery, or some other form of therapy. The word medicine is derived from the Latin ars medicina, meaning the art of healing.[1][2] Though medical technology and clinical expertise are pivotal to contemporary medicine, successful face-to-face relief of actual suffering continues to require the application of ordinary human feeling and compassion, known in English as bedside manner. [3] Early records on medicine have been discovered from early Ayurvedic medicine in the Indian subcontinent, ancient Egyptian medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, the Americas, and ancient Greek medicine. Early Grecian doctors Hippocrates, who is also called the Father of Modern Medicine,[4][5] and Galen laid a foundation for later developments in a rational approach to medicine. After the fall of Rome and the onset of the Dark Ages, Islamic physicians made major medical breakthroughs, supported by the translation of Hippocrates' and Galen's works into Arabic. Notable Islamic medical pioneers include polymath Avicenna, who is also called the Father of Modern Medicine,[6][7] Abulcasis, the father of surgery, Avenzoar, the father of experimental surgery, Ibn al-Nafis, the father of circulatory physiology, and Averroes.[8] Rhazes, who is called the father of pediatrics, first disproved the Grecian theory of humorism, which nevertheless remained influential in Western medieval medicine. While major developments in medicine were occurring in the Islamic world during the medieval period, the Western world remained dependent upon the Greco-Roman theory of humorism, which led to questionable treatments such as bloodletting. Islamic medicine and medieval medicine collided during the crusades, with Islamic doctors receiving mixed impressions.[9] As the medieval ages ended, important early figures in medicine emerged in Europe, including Gabriele Falloppio and William Harvey. The major shift in medical thinking was the gradual rejection, especially during the Black Death in the 14th and 15th centuries, of what may be called the 'traditional authority' approach to science and medicine. This was the notion that because some prominent person in the past said something must be so, then that was the way it was, and anything one observed to the contrary was an anomaly (which was paralleled by a similar shift in European society in general - see Copernicus's rejection of Ptolemy's theories on astronomy). Physicians like Ibn al-Nafis and Vesalius led the way in improving upon or indeed rejecting the theories of great authorities from the past (such as Hippocrates, and Galen), many of whose theories were in time discredited. The modern scientific biomedical research (where results are testable and reproducible) began to replace early Western traditions of medicine, based on herbalism, the Greek "four humours" and other premodern theories. The modern era began with Robert Koch's discoveries around 1880 of the transmission of disease by bacteria, and then the discovery of antibiotics shortly thereafter around 1900. The post-18th century modernity period brought more groundbreaking researchers from Europe. From Germany and Austrian doctors such as Rudolf Virchow, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Karl Landsteiner, and Otto Loewi) made contributions. In the United Kingdom Alexander Fleming, Joseph Lister, Francis Crick, and Florence Nightingale are considered important. From New Zealand and Australia came Maurice Wilkins, Howard Floery, and Frank Macfarlane Burnet). In the United States William Williams Keen, Harvey Cushing, William Coley, James D. Watson, Italy (Salvador Luria), Switzerland (Alexandre Yersin), Japan (Kitasato Shibasaburo), and France (Jean-Martin Charcot, Claude Bernard, Paul Broca and others did significant work. Russian (Nikolai Korotkov also did significant work, as did Sir William Osler and Harvey Cushing.
|
Medical Subcategories
Medical Articles
Healthy Eating Tips for the Holidays by Dr. Robert Graham
Stuffing ourselves over the holidays has become an American tradition. We tend to consume a higher amount of fat, empty calories, sugar and alcohol during this festive time. A typical holiday meal can contain more than 4,500 calories! Here are some ...
The Surprising Truth About Exercise by Dr. Robert Graham
If sweaty gyms, perky aerobic instructors and memories of miserable P.E. classes have left you dreading the thought of exercising, you're in for a happy surprise. Here's the truth about exercise.
All movement counts. If you en...
Medical Journal Reports on TBI Therapy That May Improve Cognitive Recovery by Peter Kent
Medical Journal Reports on TBI Therapy That May Improve Cognitive Recovery
In an October 2008 issue of Neurosurgery scientists revealed that a new treatment known as Oxycyte may “improve cognitive recovery” and have protective effects on t...
Jaw surgery in India: Surgical orthodontics with best medical facilities by julia manderson
Many renowned hospitals in India bring the very best of medical treatments like jaw or orthognathic surgery and state of art medical instruments. These hospitals or dental centers offer specialized treatment and surgery to patients. Besides innovativ...
Why is Losing Fat So Difficult? The Science Behind Weight Loss. by Dr. Robert Graham
Weight loss ought to be easy. Right? After all, you just have to eat fewer calories than you use every day. So why is weight loss so hard? And why is losing fat even more challenging?
Weight loss is a sign of imminent starvation to your bo...
Medical Journal Finds Jaundice Treatment Decreases TBI Among Infants by Peter Kent
Medical Journal Finds Jaundice Treatment Decreases TBI Among Infants
The New England Journal of Medicine recently reported in its October issue that if an infant is given an aggressive jaundice treatment early on, that infant will be ...
Health and Dental Insurance - Where to Get the Best Rates by Brian Stevens
Buying health and dental insurance is important for you and your family for so many reasons:
* You're more likely to get regular checkups and to treat problems when they're small and more easily resolved
* Insurance can save you...
Medical Weight Loss Atlanta-Shapemed by Robert Bell
There is a constant battle that rages in a significant proportion of homes throughout the United States, and it is the weight loss battle. No one is immune to this war because whether it touches you directly or not, it is most likely affecting someon...
Teeth around the World by Bharat Book Bureau
Bharat Book.com is glad to promote a new report, Global Dental/Dentistry Devices Industry Report: Detailed Analysis of the Medical Equipment & Medical Devices Market Covering Dental Equipment, Dental Supplies, Orthodontic Products, Dental X-Ray Equip...
Rocky Mountain Laser Aesthetics Now Offers Prescription-Grade Clinique Medical Line by Colin Waters
Denver, Colo. — Jeffrey Raval, MD, FACS announces Rocky Mountain Laser Aesthetics in Denver, Colorado, is among the first laser clinics to offer medical grade Clin...
|
|
