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( Kingdom of Ireland)
 The Kingdom of Ireland (Irish Ríocht na hÉireann) was the name given to the Irish state from 1541, by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland. The new Monarch replaced the Lordship of Ireland, which had been created in 1171. King Henry VIII thus became the first King of Ireland since 1169. The Kingdom of Ireland ceased to exist when Ireland joined with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom in 1801. The Pope Adrian IV, an Englishman, had granted the Norman-English monarchy the Island of Ireland as a feudal possession in 1155, by the bull (Laudabiliter), which enabled the English monarchy to act as the ruler of Ireland. This was confirmed by his successor Pope Alexander III in 1172, but nominally Ireland remained a papal overlordship. With the excommunication from the church of the king of England, Henry VIII, in 1533, the constitutional position of the English rule in Ireland became uncertain. Henry had broken away from the Holy See and declared himself the head of the newly formed Church of England in order to procure an annulment, which the pope, Clement VII, refused. As a result, Henry could no longer afford to recognize the Roman Catholic Church's nominal sovereignty over Ireland. As a solution to this, Henry was proclaimed King of Ireland by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 passed by the Irish Parliament. However the new kingdom was not recognized by the Catholic monarchies in Europe. A papal bull of 1555 named Mary I as Queen of Ireland, thereby recognizing the personal link to the crown of England in canon law.
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The Kingdom of Heaven by Steven Sadleir
After years of studying and writing about world religions and spiritual paths a common message appears in each of the world’s major teachings, whether it be an eastern or western religion, spiritual group or master, and that is that one day we humans...
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