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( Ijtihad)
Part of a series on Islam
Usul al-fiqh
(The Roots of Jurisprudence) Generally, a Mujtahid (Arabic ??????, ’mugtahid) is an educated Muslim who makes up his own ruling on the permissibility of an Islamic law but only for himself,[1] by rejecting the authority of the Ulema. Ijtihad is mainly associated with the Shi'a Muslim Jafari school of jurisprudence. Western scholars such as Joseph Schacht accepted the notion that the "gates of ijtihad" were "closed" in the 10th century in Sunni fiqh, meaning that ijtihad is not practiced in Sunni Islam anymore. Modern scholars of Islamic law (e.g. Wael Hallaq) demonstrate that ijtihad has remained an essential part of the Sunni Muslim tradition, despite the emphasis on taqlid. The word derives from the three-letter Arabic verbal root of ?-?-? j-h-d (jahada, "struggle"), the same root as that of jihad; the <t> is inserted because the word is a derived stem VIII verb. The shared etymology is worth noting, as both words touch on the concepts of struggle or effort. In the case of form VIII verbs, this means to "struggle with oneself", as through deep thought. Ijtihad is a method of legal reasoning that does not rely on the traditional schools of jurisprudence (madhabs).
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