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( Hydraulics)
Hydraulics is a topic of science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids. Hydraulics is part of the more general discipline of fluid power. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties. Hydraulic topics range through most science and engineering disciplines, and cover concepts such as pipe flow, dam design, fluid control circuitry, pumps, turbines, hydropower, computational fluid dynamics, flow measurement, river channel behavior and erosion. However if used incorrectly, hydraulic instruments can result in weird occurrences because of the nature of high pressure fluids. The word "hydraulics" originates from the Greek word ?d?a?????? (hydraulikos) which in turn originates from ?d?a???? (hydraulos) meaning water organ which in turn comes from ?d?? (hydor, Greek for water) and a???? (aulos, meaning pipe). The earliest masters of this science were Ctesibius (flourished c. 270 BC) and Heron of Alexandria (c. 10–80 AD) in the Greek-Hellenized West. Heron describes a number of working machines using hydraulic power, such as the force pump, which is known from many Roman sites as having been used for raising water and in fire engines, for example. In ancient China there was Sunshu Ao (6th century BC), Ximen Bao (5th century BC), Du Shi (circa 31 AD), Zhang Heng (78 - 139 AD), and Ma Jun (200 - 265 AD), while medieval China had Su Song (1020 - 1101 AD) and Shen Kuo (1030 - 1031 - 1095). The ancient engineers focused on sacral and novelty uses of hydraulics, rather than practical applications.
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