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( History of logic)
 The history of logic is the study of the development of the science of valid inference (logic). While many cultures have employed intricate systems of reasoning, and logical methods are evident in all human thought, an explicit analysis of the principles of reasoning was developed in only three traditions those of India, of China, and of Greece. Of these, only the Greek and Indian traditions had survived into early modern times. The treatment of logic found in the Greek tradition, particularly Aristotelian logic, found wide application and acceptance in science and mathematics. Logic was known as dialectic or analytic in ancient Greece. The word logic (from the Greek logos, meaning discourse or sentence) does not appear in the modern sense until the commentaries of Alexander of Aphrodisias, writing in the third century AD. Aristotelian logic was further developed by medieval Islamic and then European logicians, reaching a high point in the mid-fourteenth century. The period between the fourteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century was largely one of decline and neglect, and is generally regarded as barren by historians of logic,[1] at least in regards to the European tradition, which was dominated by Aristotelianism. In the Islamic tradition, numerous texts were written on Avicennian and Post-Avicennian logic,[2] while in India, this same period was a high point which saw the foundation of the Navya-Nyaya school.[3] By the sixteenth century, several developments in modern logic had been anticipated by the Indian[3] and Islamic traditions.[4][5][6] In Europe, logic was revived in the mid-nineteenth century, at the beginning of a revolutionary period when the subject developed into a rigorous and formalistic discipline whose exemplar was the exact method of proof used in mathematics. The development of the modern so-called "symbolic" or "mathematical" logic during this period is the most significant in the two-thousand-year history of logic, and is arguably one of the most important and remarkable events in human intellectual history.[7] Progress in mathematical logic in the first few decades of the twentieth century, particularly arising from the work of Gödel and Tarski, had a significant impact on analytic philosophy and philosophical logic, particularly from the 1950s onwards, in subjects such as modal logic, temporal logic, deontic logic, and relevance logic.
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