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( Bremen)
Coordinates 53°4'33?N 8°48'27?E? / ?53.07583, 8.8075 In 150 AD the geographer Claudius Ptolemaeus described Fabiranum or Phabiranum, known today as Bremen. In that time the Chauci lived in the area which is now call northwestern Germany or Lower Saxony. By the end of the 3rd century, they had merged with the Saxons. During the Saxon Wars (772-804) the Saxons, led by Widukind, fought against the West Germanic Franks, the founders of the Carolingian Empire and lost the war. The first stone city walls were built in 1032. Around this time trade with Norway, England and the northern Netherlands began to grow, increasing the importance of the city. In 1186 Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa became the first secular ruler of Bremen. From this time forward, only the emperor and the Senate Governmental authority have ruled Bremen. Bremen was formally a Free Imperial City. In fact, however, Bremen did not have complete independence from the Archbishops, in that there was no freedom of religion, and citizens were still forced to pay church taxes. Shortly following Bremen's secularization, in 1260, came its admission to the Hanseatic League.
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