Senior Fitness.com - Anti-aging Strategies for Lifetime Health and Senior Fitness

Welcome to Senior Fitness.com! Your #1 source for lifetime fitness information; vital strategies for promoting senior health, life-long strength, vigor and independence. Learn how to slow and reverse Age-related Functional Decline. We bring you the latest strategies to optimize senior health and fitness into advanced age. The time to start is now; the place to start is here. Begin by reading How to best use this site: Take the tour. Then act on the knowledge; you can improve health and fitness at any age by using the strategies on these pages.

The Latest Word on Senior Fitness News Roundup - Recent health news worth talking about Research explores interactions between nanomaterials, biological systems by Jennifer Marcus Post Date: 06/19/2009 Environmental exposures may damage DNA in as few as three days by Keely Savoie Post Date: 05/17/2009 An herbal extract inhibits the development of pancreatic cancer by Emily Shafer Post Date: 04/19/2009 Vitamin D may exacerbate autoimmune disease by Paul Albert Post Date: 04/08/2009 VA/UAB Study Looks at Functional Decline in Older Patients After Hospitalization by Bob Shepard Post Date: 04/07/2009 The 6 Critical Keys to Dynamic Senior Living Anti-aging - Slowing the processes involved in aging, and delaying their consequences. Life Cell Cream - Start Looking Young Fast by Anita Rawat Post Date: 07/03/2009 Choosing the best whey protein powder for glutathione supplementation. by charles ware Post Date: 07/02/2009 What is the Secret to Vibrant Health and Longevity? by stain leys Post Date: 07/01/2009 Resveratrol Supplements are the Best Anti-Aging Solution by stain leys Post Date: 07/01/2009 Anti-Aging Therapies - Resveratrol Health Benefits by Vance Blake Post Date: 07/01/2009 Exercise - The primary driver for reversing age-related functional decline. Aerobics - to maintain and recover your heart/lung/vascular fitness. Weight Training - to trigger your anabolic, or muscle-building process; muscle you need to look good and move well, be stronger than you look and dissolve fat 24 hours a day. Yoga, Pilates, Stretching & Balance - Building poise, posture, flexibility, strength, endurance, balance and grace, while connecting with the spirit within - speed and power aren't the whole story. Alternate therapy for Elders: Interesting and Worth Trying by eldess healthcare Post Date: 06/19/2009 Six Tips to Walk Safe in the Sun by Peter Stockwell Post Date: 06/14/2009 Six Tips for Walking Safe in Sunshine by Peter Stockwell Post Date: 06/14/2009 Do not Die young by Steve Bateman Post Date: 05/19/2009 Diet and Exercise by Steve Bateman Post Date: 05/08/2009 Nutrition - the Raw Material for Senior Health and Lifetime Fitness What makes Acai so special? by vadim G Post Date: 07/03/2009 The Basics Of Weight Loss Diets: The Importance of Water by David Mason Post Date: 06/29/2009 The Basics Of Weight Loss Diets: How To Eliminate Your Snacks by David Mason Post Date: 06/29/2009 Nutritional Deficiencies: Beware The Silent by Linda Lazarides Post Date: 06/29/2009 Fasting Benefits -- The Achievable Results by James Q Thomas Post Date: 06/29/2009 Rest, Recovery and Relaxation - Time for the body to repair and strengthen itself. Gardening - Profoundly spiritual – rest, recovery and recreation for the soul, mind and body. Achieve Instant Calm by Susun Weed Post Date: 06/25/2009 How to Sleep on an Airplane by Roseanna Leaton Post Date: 05/23/2009 Sleep may be factor in weight control by Keely Savoie Post Date: 05/17/2009 How To Cure Insomnia With Hypnosis Downloads by Roseanna Leaton Post Date: 05/14/2009 Joyful Living - A Step Closer to a Healthier You by Terry Christensen Post Date: 04/08/2009 Supplements - Exercise right, eat correctly; is that all it takes? Not as seniors! Supplements make up for the losses of aging. Purchase Resveratrol Anti Aging Supplements What's The Skinny by Carly Lynn Post Date: 07/03/2009 Best Anti Aging HGH by Sudhani K Post Date: 06/24/2009 Anti Aging Supplements by Daryl Clay Post Date: 06/22/2009 Anti Aging Vitamins and Tips by Remy Vixama Post Date: 06/21/2009 Anti Aging Diet Supplements. by Felipe Sandoval Post Date: 06/22/2009 Thinking and Attitude - One person's junk is another's treasure; it's all a matter of thinking and attitude. Exercise can be an extremely pleasurable experience; you just have to get your brain to think so. Hypnosis for Change - Ancient and mysterious; a powerful modern tool for change. Do you wish to be somehow different, better than you were yesterday? Then make hypnosis a part of your strategy of improvement. Neuro Linguistic Programming - NLP - Strategies and tools for rapid mental and behavioral change that serve your goals. Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) - Rapid emotional and physical healing by melding acupressure meridian stimulation with linguistic suggestion Are You Afraid of Technology? by Roseanna Leaton Post Date: 06/26/2009 The Healing Power of Love and Good Relationships by Roseanna Leaton Post Date: 06/21/2009 What Is So Relaxing About Living Beside The Sea? by Roseanna Leaton Post Date: 06/21/2009 Relieving the Stress of Moving House by Roseanna Leaton Post Date: 06/21/2009 Coping With Bereavement; Is There Anything Which Can Help? by Roseanna Leaton Post Date: 06/10/2009 Special Concerns That Hamper Senior Living Brain Health - Mental Health - Your brain is a terrible thing to lose - its health is priority-one! Bingo is good for the brain by Tom Waite Post Date: 06/30/2009 Astral Projection Binaural Beats by Jeff Lavoie Post Date: 06/29/2009 Fetal Brain Development—The Importance of DHA Omega 3 on Fetal Brain Development by Rich Hawkins Post Date: 06/29/2009 Difference Between Dementia and Alzheimer's by Katie Harper Post Date: 06/19/2009 Natural Supplement Help Alzheimer's & Parkinson's by Katie Harper Post Date: 06/19/2009 Dental Health - Poor health of teeth and gums invite ills that may be killing you invisibly. Caring Your Teeth by Ricardo Rocky Post Date: 07/03/2009 Did you get your smile makeover? by Jacky Thomas Post Date: 07/03/2009 Whiter Teeth Within Minutes, Not Days Dentist Says! Can Hydrogen Peroxide Cause Serious Injury... by Jan Heman Post Date: 07/03/2009 What are Dental (teeth) implants? by Dr. Puneet Kathuria Post Date: 07/02/2009 STOP WAITING FOR MONEY TO PAY FOR DENTAL WORK by Manish CHopra Post Date: 07/02/2009 Disease and Healing Protocols - Life Extension Foundation's comprehensive review of common diseases and their alternative protocols for healing and resolving the root causes. TMJ Solution - TMJ Diet and Exercise Treatments by Candy Lim Post Date: 06/26/2009 Various Treatments for Liver Diseases by suzain sweety Post Date: 06/25/2009 Lyme Disease Natural Cure - Get Fruity and be Symptom Free by Joe Barton Post Date: 06/24/2009 Disease Treatment Information by Remy Vixama Post Date: 06/21/2009 Ulcerative Disease Diet by Remy Vixama Post Date: 06/21/2009 Hormone Management - Hormones drive most bodily functions; learn how to manipulate your hormones to stimulate the fat-burning, anti-aging hormones while suppressing those that make you fat, sick, tired and old before your time. Hormone Strategies for Men - The hormones that make you a male are also protective of your health and well-being. Managing proper hormone levels and balance is a critical part of successful aging. Hormone Strategies for Women - The hormones that make you a woman impact health and aging in varied ways. Managing the balance and cyclic nature of feminine hormones is a life-long challenge, but one worth mastering. Sytropin - The Spray of Youth and Vitality by Arlito Edgar Post Date: 06/29/2009 Sytropin - Release Your Own Human Growth Hormone Naturally by Arlito Edgar Post Date: 06/29/2009 Healthy Choices About Deer Antler Velvet and The Hormones And Nutrients It Contains by Robert Read Post Date: 06/10/2009 Cancer-obesity link discovery by MSU researchers could aid prevention efforts by Mark Fellows Post Date: 06/07/2009 How to get obese mice moving -- and cure their diabetes by Cathleen Genova Post Date: 06/07/2009 Immune Power - Empower your Immune System; it stands between you and certain death Immune System Vitamins Through Power Packed Foods by Andrew Stratton Post Date: 06/12/2009 Supplements that Help Boost the Immune System by Megan Hazel Post Date: 06/11/2009 Prostate Health and Sleep by Kevin Agrawal Post Date: 04/24/2009 Fight Colds & Flu - Boost Your Immune System with Healing Teas! by Debra B Post Date: 03/27/2009 Eliminate Tiredness Forever by Nikki Chapman Post Date: 03/23/2009 Joint Health - Nothing works to make you fit if your joints give out; you can keep them healthy if you feed them the right nutrients and prevent needless damage. Secrets Of Treating Degenerative Knee Cartilage Revealed! - How To Help Reduce Pain With A Bra... by Daniel Sims Post Date: 07/01/2009 TMJ Solution - TMD/TMJ - Temporomandibular Joint Disorder by Candy Lim Post Date: 06/29/2009 Severe Knee Osteoarthritis - Ways To Reduce The Pain by Daniel Sims Post Date: 06/22/2009 What is Diabetic Joint Disease? by Dr. Thomas Buividas Post Date: 06/09/2009 Does Travel Cause You Back Pain? - Here's How to Avoid It... by Dr. Mark Wiley Post Date: 06/08/2009 Personal Deportment and Hygiene - Staying fit to be around as we age. Hearing - A critical social sense, an important personal skill Skin Care Products & Hygiene by Eric Kampel Post Date: 06/29/2009 Information On Sleep Hygiene by Mason Hinton Post Date: 06/14/2009 Avoid Catching and Spreading Germs When Travelling by Kirsten Whittaker Post Date: 06/01/2009 An Overview on Feminine Hygiene by Christia Gordon Post Date: 06/01/2009 Natural Remedies for Premenstrual Syndrome by Christia Gordon Post Date: 06/01/2009 Sexual Fitness - A broad look at sexual fitness - for both women and men. (Nothing erotic, sordid or graphic - just technology and strategies for staying sexually alive and youthful.) Sexual Fitness for Aging Men - Strategies for delaying, minimizing and even reversing andropause. Sexual Fitness for Aging Women - Staying vibrant through and post-menopause; keeping the fire alive. Sexual Energy Grounding Exercise by Al Link Post Date: 07/03/2009 Only Women Believe A Woman Needs A Perfect Body by Sandy Francis Post Date: 07/01/2009 Enjoy Sexual Bliss with Cialis by antonin M Post Date: 06/30/2009 Viagra- The most Celebrated Anti-Impotence Pill by antonin M Post Date: 06/30/2009 Rekindle Lost Romance with Viagra by antonin M Post Date: 06/29/2009 Skin Health and Care - So much more than beauty! How to Protect Your Skin in the Sun by JackWalters Walters Post Date: 07/03/2009 Fresh Young Skin—Can You Achieve Fresh Young Skin Through Natural Skin Care? by Rachel Hammond Post Date: 07/03/2009 Secrets of How to Keep Skin Young Looking and Healthy Using Natural Skin Care by Rachel Hammond Post Date: 07/03/2009 Acne Skin Care Treatment Products ? Get Rid Of Pimples Naturally by Rick Lee Post Date: 07/02/2009 Eco Friendly Skin Care - Going Green by Dale King Post Date: 07/02/2009 Weight Loss - Weight Management - The real issue is fat loss and fat management; your health, longevity and self esteem are dependent on managing the fat content of your body - the mirror, not the scale, tells the truth! Byron J Richards and Wellness Resources - If you really want to understand weight gain and health disasters associated with obesity, you need to be listening to Byron J. Richards at Wellness Resources. Who else is ready for an amazing new way to tighten and tone your body? by Emile Jarreau Post Date: 07/03/2009 Facts about digestive cleansing weight loss system by Carlos Ladeira Post Date: 07/03/2009 Know How to Find the Experienced Pennsylvania Dental Malpractice Attorney by Jeff Lowenthal Post Date: 07/03/2009 7 Healthy Weight Loss Tips - Its Amazing For You to Lose Stomach Fat! by Denisha Lawrence Post Date: 07/03/2009 Getting the Most Benefits from the Master Cleanse Lemonade Detox Diet by Gabriel Killian Post Date: 07/03/2009 Making it Happen - Taking Action to Change Your Life Fitness Courses - Age-specific training courses teach you how to stay at your peak for the long term. Will Brink - Solid wisdom on staying lean and strong as you age. Marc David - A course for beginners of any age. Effective and Safe Overweight Loss Tips by Sabrina Rocca Post Date: 07/03/2009 Latest Make Up Tips by Jasica Parker Post Date: 07/03/2009 Weight Loss How-To by Bob Janeway Post Date: 07/02/2009 Best Ways to Lose Weight Quick - 7 Fat Blasting Tips by Jason Oh Post Date: 07/03/2009 Battle of the Bulge on a Budget by Angela Manzanares Post Date: 07/02/2009 Inspirational Gallery - A Photo and Video Gallery of Seniors in Great Shape and Living Very Well Frank Wilhelmi - Simi Valley CA: Striving to improve with age, with fairly consistent success.GNDDVHX21322849 A little bit of Exercise Motivation by David Soto Post Date: 06/25/2009 A little bit of Exercise Motivation by David Soto Post Date: 06/24/2009 A little bit of Exercise Motivation by David Soto Post Date: 06/24/2009 Five Exercise Myths That Might Surprise You by Arthor Pens Post Date: 06/22/2009 Running Your Way Into Shape by Michelle Van Otten Post Date: 06/09/2009 Sport-Specific Fitness - If sport comes first...you have to stay fit to stay in the game! Golf - A Passion for millions - a great blending of sun, sport and things social. Tennis - A glamorous sport, very gratifying when you win, very taxing on the aging body - train right to stay in the game. The Acai Berry Works At Weight Loss while Other Products Fail To by Robert Bell Post Date: 07/01/2009 Significance of Mental Preparation by Lloyd Irvin Post Date: 06/30/2009 The Scientific Wrestling Times Interview with Hook Wrestler Billy Wicks by Jake Shannon Post Date: 06/17/2009 The Fighting Irish by Jake Shannon Post Date: 06/17/2009 Some Good Resources for Aspiring Catch Wrestlers... by Jake Shannon Post Date: 06/17/2009 Trainers Registry - Find Fitness Trainers in your area who specialize in training Seniors. Fitness Professionals Need to Diversify by Dr. Kareem Samhouri Post Date: 09/23/2007 Why use a Personal Trainer for Weight Lifting Training by Richard Train Post Date: 09/07/2007 Fitness Myth Busting by jeannie callen barat Post Date: 08/23/2007 How To: Find the Right Personal Trainer for You! by Tim VanRavenswaay Post Date: 08/23/2007 The Top 10 Leg Exercises by Terri Walsh Post Date: 08/21/2007

Frank's Column More on Leptin - Mastering Leptin (06/07/2009) NEW! See the video illustrating form, intensity, start and finish for a power set of barbell shrugs. (Video 1) and incline dumbell press. (Video 2) Heavy Set of Pseudosquats. (Video 3) A set of medium intensity Lat Pulls. (Video 4) A set of medium intensity, narrow-grip Cable Rows. (Video 5) Frank Playing in the Gym - A personal best at 66; 720lb on the incline leg press (Video 6) I finally spent money and bought Byron Richards’ latest book “Mastering Leptin”, and am nearly through it. The book is intensely well referenced and a read of some references leads me to the conviction that his interpretation of study results is correct – the references are not for show, but for proving his points. The book is not a simple read because the relationships of leptin to the degenerative diseases of later life are very complex. However, his reasoned explanation of these complex relationships makes it possible to understand this interconnectedness of how we eat and resulting health or the lack of health. The primary truth to be grasped is that food intake is directly responsible for how well we age and the kinds of ills we suffer as we age. His well founded teaching is that food intake controls the circulating levels of the hormone leptin in the body, and leptin orchestrates the activity of virtually the whole rest of our physiology. I was fairly skeptical about this principle until I was about half way through the book, but he weaves such a coherent story, that I’m compelled to believe it. That means that I have to modify my behavior (my eating patterns – and drinking as well) to be in harmony with the leptin messaging system.. Adding this information to this site will mean changing the topic articles of many of our categories. But if I can try to briefly summarize what these recent findings, you may be convinced to go to Wellness Resources (http://www.wellnessresources.com) and read or listen to Byron’s podcasts or lecture videos. He can tell this story very well and may convince you to change your health and life for the better. Leptin is the master hormone that manages virtually all others. Leptin is produced by fat cells. Bigger fat cells make more leptin; the more fat, the higher the baseline leptin levels in the blood. Leptin also varies rapidly with food ingestion; its rise sends a signal to the brain that we are satisfied or full; the ‘time to stop eating now’ signal. Leptin is the manager of the energy balance of the body, and harkens back to pre-history to give animals the ability to survive famine. It is therefore primary in the survival of animal species, including humans. As such, in can control metabolism, nearly grinding it to a halt during starvation, and accelerating it when food becomes plentiful again to prepare us for the next famine by packing on body fat for energy storage. Many tissues in the body have receptors for leptin to communicate with, but the primary metabolic control is affected by the hypothalamus region of the brain. The problem today is that food is, for most of us in the USA, available 24/7 in all-we-want quantities. America is obese – and the reason is that our brains are not listening to leptin, because leptin levels are so high that we develop leptin resistance of the brain. The science show that when fat gain exceeds some level, rising leptin becomes blocked at the blood-brain barrier and can’t get into the brain to tell us we are full. Low leptin levels in the brain tell the hypothalamus to make us more hungry, and to shut down metabolism to preserve energy as well. So once you cross the threshold of leptin resistance, all things start to go wrong. And since this is THE primary control hormone, attempts to fix what is broken without fixing leptin signaling, are just treatment of symptoms, and not a cure of the problem. Bryon’s cure is to institute in your life the Five Rules of Leptin: 1. Never eat after dinner. Finish eating at least 3 hours before bed 2. Eat three meals a day. Allow 5-6 hours between meals. Do Not Snack! 3. Do not eat large meals. Finish eating when you are slightly less than full. 4. Eat a breakfast containing protein. 5. Reduce the amount of carbohydrates you eat. I have started this practice, and am seeing fairly immediate results in my body fat levels. You might wonder why, since I don’t carry a lot of fat anyway, I would try this out. While that is true, I have many of the other symptoms of metabolic syndrome: high and rising blood pressure, cholesterol above 300, fasting blood sugar typically about 105, morning temperature readings that indicate slow thyroid, abnormal cortisol curves (peak well before morning), not to mention I have had a quad bypass for coronary artery disease, and energy levels that I judge to be sub-par. So even though I seem to be controlling many of the issues such as body fat and maintaining muscle mass by weight training, I think I could drastically improve my health by getting these other factors under control – without drugs. That is the goal – I will keep you posted on the results, one way or the other. Good living - Frank (919197) Past "Frank's Column" Articles An Engineering Approach to Health & Fitness. (05/03/2009) My Test results on Life Extension’s Integra-Lean Irvingia (03/29/2009) Inflammation and the chronic diseases associated with aging (03/15/2009) Let’s go back to Wellness Resources (02/15/2009) 2008 was an Important Year for Anti-aging and Longevity (01/11/2009) A Great Website if You Wan't to Live Well: Wellness Resources.com (12/31/2008) Potassium/Sodium Dietaty Ratio and Your Health (11/16/2008) Sleep - A Top Priority in Your Senior Fitness Program (11/09/2008) Top Strategies for Extending Health and Fitness into Old-age (10/19/2008) Optimizing Senior Fitness (09/26/2008) Dad Made it to 95 - Good Genes Realy Helps! (08/24/2008) Energy production, Thyroid Function and Iodine (06/22/2008) Progress with Training and More on the Lipitor/Thumb Pain Story (04/20/2008) Depression – A Serious Threat to Senior Fitness – Tied to Chronic Inflammation (04/06/2008) Frank in a Contest and More on Muscle Damage by Statins (02/22/2008) The Case for Losing Faith in Cholesterol Drugs (02/09/2008) Gardening - Recreation, Meditation, Exercise (01/13/2008) The power of bio-identical hormones in medicine (01/02/2008) Surrender the things of youth(?) - more injury and healing. (11/25/2007) Let’s talk about aging and attitude. (11/18/2007) More changes coming to the SeniorFitness website (11/10/2007) An Invasive, Disturbing Thought Eliminated with EFT – A First Hand Experience (10/17/2007) Brain Health - Mental Health: a new Category added to the site (09/09/2007) Critcal Thinking and Risk Taking (08/29/2007) An ISSA Seminar at Total Woman Gym and Day Spa (08/12/2007) Another Bodybuilding Supplement of Great Interest (07/01/2007) Want to See Real Reverse Aging? Try this Combination of Supplements. (05/28/2007) I'll Have the Chicken, With traces of Arsenic Please (04/29/2007) More on Vitamin D3 and Some Websites to Bookmark (04/18/2007) Too Much Of A Good Thing Drug and Vitamin Overdose (04/18/2007) Resveratrol – A Promising Strategy for Health and Life Extension (03/31/2007) Vitamin K2 - Crtitical Factor in Heart Disease and Osteoporosis (03/11/2007) The Very Best Ways to Start Changing Your Health for the Better (02/11/2007) A New Beginning in a New Year, and Some Words About Synergy (01/17/2007) Year-end Lapses of Fitness and the Promise of a New Year (12/15/2006) Winter Approaches and Flu Season is Bearing Down Upon Us; Time to Think of Boosting Immune Function. (11/28/2006) More on the ability to heal from surgeries and a very informative site I ran across (11/05/2006) Shoulder Surgery Outcome and A Three Day/Week Workout Plan (10/15/2006) Frank’s Arthroscopic Surgery of 9/5/06 and breasts for men? (09/07/2006) Update on Digestion, Heartburn, Belching, Reflux and the Impact of Aging on Such. (08/16/2006) New Features on the Senior Fitness.com Site and Some Exciting News on Heavy Metal Chelation (07/17/2006) A New Personal-Best Lift, and a New Supplement that Rocks! (06/19/2006) Life Extension Foundation - Your Top Resourse In Health Information (04/23/2006) Women, Fitness and Weight Training (03/15/2006) Wobenzyme to the Rescue? (02/26/2006) More Joint Healing Mysteries (02/15/2006) Joint Health and Joint Healing (02/05/2006) Immune Power and an Update on Shoulder Healing (01/29/2006) An Aging Mechanism you can minimize easily - Glycation! (01/15/2006) Start Again; Goals, Resolutions - Focus on Fitness (01/02/2006) More on Injury and Healing (mine, unfortunately). (12/18/2005) Making Incremental Progress in Becoming Stronger (11/27/2005) Injuries and Healing for Seniors (11/20/2005) Hormones, hormone levels and hormone balance - a very complex topic that impacts how well we age in very big ways. (11/08/2005) Strength Training and Physical capability (10/31/2005) My Rant on Hydrogenation (10/24/2005) Frank's Column (10/10/2005)

Topic of the Day: Apoptosis

Apoptosis (IPA /?æp?p'to?s?s/(the second 'p' is soft) ^[1]) is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms. Programmed cell death involves a series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell morphology and death, in more specific terms, a series of biochemical events that lead to a variety of morphological changes, including blebbing, changes to the cell membrane such as loss of membrane asymmetry and attachment, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation (1-4). (See also Apoptosis DNA fragmentation.) Processes of disposal of cellular debris whose results do not damage the organism differentiate apoptosis from necrosis.

In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis, in general, confers advantages during an organism's life cycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. Between 50 billion and 70 billion cells die each day due to apoptosis in the average human adult. For an average child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20 billion to 30 billion cells die a day. In a year, this amounts to the proliferation and subsequent destruction of a mass of cells equal to an individual's body weight.

Research on apoptosis has increased substantially since the early 1990s. In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in an extensive variety of diseases. Excessive apoptosis causes hypotrophy, such as in ischemic damage, whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer.

Cell death is a completely normal process in living organisms and was first discovered by scientists over 100 years ago. A German scientist Carl Vogt was first to describe the principle of apoptosis in 1842. In 1885, anatomist Walther Flemming delivered a more precise description of the process of programmed cell death. However, it was not until 1965 that the topic was resurrected. While studying tissues using electron microscopy, John Foxton Ross Kerr at University of Queensland was able to distinguish apoptosis (Greek apo - from, ptosis - falling) from traumatic cell death.^[2] Following the publication of a paper describing the phenomenon, Kerr was invited to join Alastair R Currie, as well as Andrew Wyllie, who was Currie's graduate student, ^[3] at University of Aberdeen. In 1972, the trio published a seminal article in the British Journal of Cancer.^[4] Kerr had initially used the term programmed cell necrosis, but in the article, the process of natural cell death was called apoptosis. Kerr, Wyllie and Currie credited James Cormack, a professor of Greek language at University of Aberdeen, with suggesting the term apoptosis. Kerr received the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize on March 14, 2000, for his description of apoptosis. He shared the prize with Boston biologist Robert Horvitz.^[5]